By this stage, communication is getting heated as each person sees the other side in an increasingly negative light and polarization contributes to the problem not getting resolved. Parties may find themselves shouting at one another, and accusing each other of spiteful attempts, and nasty behavior. Other issues – including past hurts – may be raised as emotions become more and more aroused.

Disputes include intense arguments and bargaining. Bargaining involves persuasion, threats, proposals, and counter-proposals, all in the context of mutually exclusive goals. Each party may be willing to give up on certain points but only if the other party is prepared to give up something in return. Communication is tense and limited.